📅 This Week’s System Design Refresher

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🖥 Virtualization vs. Containerization

Before containers simplified deployment, virtualization revolutionized how we used hardware.

Both isolate workloads — but they differ significantly:

Key Differences

• Virtualization (Hardware-level isolation)
• Runs multiple VMs on the same physical host via a hypervisor (VMware ESXi, Hyper-V, KVM).
• Each VM has its own OS and kernel.
• Pros: Strong isolation, can run different OS types.
• Cons: Heavyweight, longer startup (minutes).
• Containerization (OS-level isolation)
• Runs apps in lightweight containers that share the host OS kernel.
• Managed by runtimes like Docker, containerd, Podman.
• Pros: Fast startup (milliseconds), resource-efficient.
• Cons: Kernel compatibility required — cannot mix Windows containers on Linux without nested virtualization.

> 💡 Question: Do you prefer containers inside VMs, bare-metal containers, or another setup?

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🔐 5 REST API Authentication Methods

• Basic Authentication
• Base64-encoded username/password in headers.
• Simple but insecure; best for prototypes on secure networks.
• Session Authentication
• Server maintains session; client sends cookies.
• Common in traditional web apps.
• Token Authentication
• Issue signed token after login; stateless requests.
• Ideal for single-page apps.
• OAuth-Based Authentication
• Clients obtain token via OAuth provider grants.
• Best for delegated access and third-party integrations.
• API Key Authentication
• Send pre-generated key with each request.
• Simple for service-to-service communication.

> 🗣 Over to you: What’s your preferred method for securing APIs?

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📍 How AirTags Work

AirTag Tracking Process

• Bluetooth Signal — AirTag broadcasts a secure signal.
• Find My Network — Nearby Apple devices relay location (anonymous).
• Location Tracking — The Find My app shows its position on a map.

Limitations

• Relies on density of Apple devices nearby.
• Not suited for continuous real-time tracking.

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🛡 What is a Firewall?

A firewall filters traffic by rules you set — stopping threats before they reach your systems.

🔹 Network Firewall

• Positioned at network edge (hardware/software/cloud).
• Filters traffic by IP/port/protocol at OSI layers 3–4.
• Protects entire network before traffic hits the router.

🔹 Host-based Firewall

• Runs on individual machines at OSI layers 3–7.
• Protects only that host; deeper packet inspection.
• Acts as a final defense after network firewall.

> 🗣 Have you ever debugged a firewall rule that blocked something critical?

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🌐 Modem vs. Router

Modem

• Connects you to your ISP.
• Converts ISP signals (cable/fiber/cellular) into digital data.
• Provides one public IP.

Router

• Creates your home network.
• Uses NAT to distribute one public IP to multiple devices.
• Assigns private IPs via DHCP.

📌 Tip: Combined modem-router devices exist, but knowing the difference helps troubleshooting.

> Quick Diagnostic: Connect directly to the modem —

> - If speed improves → router might be bottleneck.

> - If slow → modem or ISP issue.

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Would you like me to create a side-by-side visual table comparing virtualization and containerization for even faster reference in future editions? That would condense the differences into a single, easy-scan chart.