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# NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang at APEC Korea — Full Q&A Recap
This transcript captures Jensen Huang’s candid and expansive responses during a nearly **40-minute Q&A session** at today’s APEC event in Korea (recorded around 5:00 PM). The conversation ranged from sharp geopolitical questions to deep technical insights on AI infrastructure, market strategy, and partner relationships.
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## **Discussion Highlights**
- **AI wave as the first fundamental reshaping of computing in 60 years** — comparable to IBM System/360 — **not a speculative bubble**.
- **China AI market share dropped from 95% to zero** due to U.S. policy, but Huang insists serving China benefits both nations.
- **Korea positioned as a global AI hub** — massive sovereign AI investments planned (60K GPUs now, 250K+ next year).
- **HBM memory is crucial** for AI supercomputers — close collaboration with Samsung and SK Hynix.
- **Foundry decisions (TSMC vs Samsung)** based on technology, timing, and process alignment, not just risk hedging.
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## Opening Remarks
> Great to see you all. It’s been a long week for everyone. How can I help? Let’s start here — I’ll make sure to address everyone.
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## **1. China Market & Geopolitics**
### U.S.–China Technology Flow
**Q:** Will you continue lobbying to allow AI kit sales in China?
**A:** Bringing new AI technology to China benefits both countries. China has a huge base of developers whose AI tools and models are exported globally. If U.S. tech can run these AI models, it benefits everyone.
**Q:** Will “Blackwell” be sold in China?
**A:** I hope so — but that’s up to President Trump.
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### National Security Concerns
**Q:** Given the strong security pushback, is selling to China beneficial?
**A:** China manufactures its own AI chips, so exclusion may not materially limit its military capability. Importantly, China itself blocked H20 chips, signaling confidence in domestic AI solutions.
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### Market Impact
- Once **95% market share**, now **0% in China**.
- Huang estimates **$35–$50 B annual revenue** possible today with full access; could exceed **$100 B by decade’s end**.
- Believes Chinese AI market is **unique and irreplaceable**.
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### **Message to Policymakers**
> Serving the Chinese market aligns with U.S. interests, just as welcoming U.S. tech aligns with China’s interests. I hope both sides will recognize this.
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## **2. AI Market Outlook — Not a Bubble**
**Q:** Is today’s AI boom a bubble?
**A:** No. Two platform shifts are happening:
1. **General-purpose → accelerated computing** (for workloads far beyond AI).
2. Application layer leap: **Artificial Intelligence** itself.
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**Key Points:**
- AI is now **profitable and practical**, moving beyond novelty.
- Global NVIDIA GPU utilization is **extremely high**, unlike idle fiber-optic capacity during the dot-com bubble.
- We’re at the **opening phase of a 10-year infrastructure build-out**.
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## **3. Korea’s “Sovereign AI” Strategy**
### Announced Commitments
- **60,000 GPUs deployed** in Korea now.
- Another **250,000 GPUs next year** across Samsung, SK, Hyundai, and government entities.
- Potential for Korea to be the **regional AI hub** for startups.
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### Partnerships
- Samsung & SK Hynix helped invent **AI supercomputers via HBM memory**.
- Korea’s AI infrastructure could attract **foreign AI startups**.
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**Government Role:**
President Lee is **exceptionally supportive** — policy aligns land, energy, and infrastructure for AI growth.
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### Infrastructure Goals
- Build **250,000 GPU-powered AI facilities** for research, startups, industry digital transformation.
- Deep collaboration announcements with **Samsung, SK, Hyundai, Naver**.
- Korea aims to be **No. 3 global AI leader** (after U.S. and China).
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## **4. Foundry Partnerships & Global Supply Chain**
### Samsung vs TSMC
- Decisions based on **process technology match and timing**.
- Samsung manufactures all NVIDIA’s **robotic processors** today.
- No "hedging," just optimal partner alignment.
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### Trade Agreements
- U.S.–Korea deal exists, but component market uncertainty remains.
- Huang emphasizes **adaptability**, agility, and partnership resilience over tariff concerns.
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## **5. HBM4 Memory Collaboration**
- Cooperation with **all HBM4 manufacturers** is essential to meet NVIDIA’s fast growth.
- Competition among Samsung, SK, Hyundai may increase capacity — **benefiting all parties**.
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## **6. U.S. Manufacturing & Arizona Investment**
- TSMC’s Arizona plant makes it a **truly global company**.
- On U.S. production share: No exact figure, but strong confidence in a 30-year supply chain partnership across Samsung, SK, and others.
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## **7. AI Safety & Governance**
- **AI safety is a priority** — industry investing in truth-seeking, authenticity safeguards, cybersecurity.
- Huang’s view: AI should be developed with embedded safety measures before mass deployment.
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## Closing Message to Korea
> Over 30 years, Korea has been a true friend to NVIDIA — from the rise of eSports with GeForce, to today’s sovereign AI ambitions. We grew together then; now we grow together in AI.
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